Mkdir – Make directories:

* Options

• -m, mode=MODE  set permission mode (as in chmod), not rwxrwxrwx – umask
• -p, parents  no error if existing, make parent directories as needed
• -v, verbose  print a message for each created directory
• -help display this help and exit
• -version output version information and exit

* Usage
mkdir -m 777 folder1

Above code would create a directory named folder1 which can be read, executed and written by all kind of users. The first digit represents the owner, the second represents the group and the third represents other users. The number 7 represents all three types of permission ( read, write and execute), 6 stands for read and write only, 5 stands for read and execute, 4 is read only, 3 is write and execute, 2 is write only, 1 is execute only and 0 is no permissions.

Cd – Change Directories:

* Usage

cd folder1
The above command would change the current directory to directory named folder1.

cd ..
The above command would go to parent directory of current directory.

cd /
The above command would go to root directory regardless which directory you are in.

Mv – Move or Rename Directories & Files:

* Usage

move testfolder newfolder
This command would move/rename testfolder to newfolder.

move * /newdir/
The above command moves all files and directories in the current directory, including all the contents of those directories, from the current directory to the directory /newdir/ .

Pwd – Print Working Directory:
It shows you the full path to the directory you are currently in.

* Usage

pwd
It would print the following line:
/home/server/mywebsite.com/

Rm – Remove Directories:

* Usage

rm install
Cannot Remove DIRECTORY Is A Directory
If you are getting this error, just force it with this command.

rm -rf install
The above command would remove the whole directory with files and directories in.

Chmod – Change File Access Permissions

* Options
-c, –changes: like verbose but report only when a change is made
–no-preserve-root: do not treat `/’ specially (the default)
–preserve-root: fail to operate recursively on `/’
-f, –silent, –quiet: suppress most error messages
-v, verbose: output a diagnostic for every file processed
–reference=RFILE: use RFILE’s mode instead of MODE values
-R, –recursive: change files and directories recursively
–help: display this help and exit
–version: output version information and exit

* Usage

chmod 644 index.htm
The above command gives the file read/write by the owner and only read by everyone else.

Some Numerical Mod Presentations
600 read and write by owner
400 read by owner
040 read by group
004 read by anybody (other)
200 write by owner
020 write by group
002 write by anybody
100 execute by owner
010 execute by group
001 execute by anybody

Ls – Short Listing of Directories & Files:

* Options
-al: detailed listing of files and directories, showing permissions, ownership, size, and time and date stamp.

Just type ls on the command line, and you get the list of files and directories within your current directory.

Cp – Copy Files:

* Options
-i: with this option, you will be prompted before overwriting the file.
-dpr: copy preserving links (-d option), file attributes (-p option), and copy recursively (-r option)

* Usage

cp -dpr folder1 folder2/
The above code would copy the directory folder1 with its contents, to the directory under folder2.

folder2 has now:

anotherfile.html
folder1

Tar & Bzip2 – Archive Compression & Extraction

* Usage
tar -c folder/ | bzip2 > folder.tar.bz2
The above command compresses folder directory and the following command extracts the compressed archive.

bzip2 -dc folder.tar.bz2 | tar -x

Gpg – Encryption & Decryption of Files in Linux

* Usage
To encrypt and decrypt files you can use the following command:
gpg -c file
gpg file.gpg

Wget – Download Files from Web

* Options
-r: downloads the whole directory
-c: continues the previous download
-b: goes to background execution
-p: path to place the downloaded files

* Usage
The following command, downloads the whole directory, going to background after starting the download.
wget -r -b http://www.somedomain.com/files/

Slocate – Search & Locate files
This command builds the slocate database. It will take several minutes to complete this command.This command must be used before searching for files, however cron runs this command periodically on most systems.locate whereis Lists all files whose names contain the string “whereis”. directory.

Cat – Contents of Files
Sends file contents to standard output. This is a way to list the contents of short files to the screen.

Whereis
Report all known instances of a command.

Wc
Print byte, word, and line counts

Bg
Places the current job (or, by using the alternative form, the specified jobs) in the background, suspending its execution so that a new user prompt appears immediately. Use the jobs command to discover the identities of background jobs.

Cal – month year
Prints a calendar for the specified month of the specified year.

Clear
Clears the terminal screen.

Dmesg
Prints the messages resulting from the most recent system boot.

Fg
Brings the current job (or the specified jobs) to the foreground.

File
Determines and prints a description of the type of each specified file.

Free
Displays the amount of used and free system memory.

Ftp
Opens an FTP connection to the specified host, allowing files to be transferred. The FTP program provides subcommands for accomplishing file transfers.

* Usage
ftp hostname

Head
Prints the first several lines of each specified file.

Kill process_ids
Kills the specified processes, sends the specified processes the specified signal (given as a number or name), or prints a list of available signals.

* Usage
kill - signal process_ids
kill -l
killall program
killall - signal program


Mail
Launches a simple mail client that permits sending and receiving email messages.

Ping host
Sends an echo request via TCP/IP to the specified host. A response confirms that the host is operational.

Reboot
Reboots the system.

Shutdown
Shuts down the system after the specified number of minutes elapses (requires root privileges). The -r option causes the system to be rebooted once it has shut down.

shutdown -r minutes

Telnet
Opens a login session on the specified host.

telnet host

Top – System Resources
Prints a display of system processes that’s continually updated until the user presses the q key.

Traceroute
Uses echo requests to determine and print a network path to the host.

traceroute 1.1.1.1

Uptime
Prints the system uptime.

W
Prints the current system users.

There are different methods for different kinds of problems. If you are looking for htaccess solutions, here is the methods:

If you don’t have a “.htaccess” file (a hidden file) on your server, create one and upload it in ASCII mode

Simple Page Redirect:
The following code will redirect your visitors from example.html to example2.html page.

Redirect 301 /example.html http://www.domain.com/example2.html

301 means you redirected the page permanently. If it is a temporary redirect, remove that 301 from the code.

Simple Folder Redirect:
The following code will redirect all the visitors to another folder.

Redirect 301 /shop https://www.domain.com/shop

Redirect to Matched Page/Folder:

If you want to redirect your old domain to a new domain with all the files and subfolders, the following code will redirect a visitor (or search engine) to the same file at the new domain.

RedirectMatch 301 ^(.*)$ http://www.newdomain.com/

Alternatively you can use this:

Options +FollowSymLinks
RewriteEngine on
RewriteRule (.*) http://www.newdomain.com/$1 [R=301,L]

This code will redirect all the visitors from olddomain.com/whatever to newdomain.com/whatever so there will be no need to redirect all the pages individually.

Redirect to New File Extension

If you changed some file extensions and want to redirect your visitors to new extensions, you may want to add the following code to your htaccess:

RedirectMatch 301 (.*)\.html$ http://www.example.com$1.php

This code will redirect all the html files to php extension pages. Meaning your visitors will be redirected to domain.com/home.php instead of domain.com/home.html.

Redirect Your Whole Root Folder to a SubFolder

Say you have your website under a folder named “subfolder”, and you want to access those files from your root folder as well. For example you want to access “domain.com/subfolder/page.html” from “domain.com/page.html”. The following code will do the trick.

RewriteEngine On
Options +FollowSymlinks
RewriteBase /
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} domain.com
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !subfolder/
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ subfolder/$1 [L]

Redirect www to non www version of site

Options +FollowSymLinks
RewriteEngine on
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} .
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^example\.com
RewriteRule (.*) http://example.com/$1 [R=301,L]

Redirect non-www to www

Options +FollowSymLinks
RewriteEngine on
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^yoursite.com [NC]
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://www.yoursite.com/$1 [L,R=301]

Here how it is done:

1. Configuring your htaccess

If you do not have a .htaccess file on your website’s directory, create it. But don’t forget that it is a hidden file, if you are using SSH Secure Shell’s browser, you have to select “View” >> ” Show Hidden Files ” to see whether you have created one, before.

Now, add the following code to your .htaccess file.

AuthName "Restricted Area"
AuthType Basic
AuthUserFile /<fullpath>/yourwebsite.com/private-folder/.htpasswd
require valid-user

After AuthName field, write a message that will be seen on the authentication screen and don’t forget to add your fullpath after the AuthUserFile field. It is usually something like this: AuthUserFile /home/.servername/www/yourdomain.com/ .htpasswd

2. Configuring your .htpasswd

.htpasswd is a hidden file that has the encrypted password combinations of your users for authentication. It must be put in a non-public folder, to prevent visitors from viewing this file via a browser. You can put it such as directly above your public HTML folder. Now you understand what it stands for. This htpasswd can be directly created via command line of Linux servers. On the prompt screen of your linux server, type the following command and be sure to run this command above your html folder:

htpasswd -cmd .htpasswd <username>

You’ll be prompted to write your desired password. After that, go to yourwebsite.com/private-folder/ to see if everything is ok. You’ll be asked to login with your username and password.

3. Adding More Users

Adding more users is easy. Just type the following command on the command screen of your server:

htpasswd .htaccess

Type the desired password and that’s all.